Temperature Control : Tuning a PID

Tuning a temperature controller involves setting the proportional, integral, and derivative values to get the best possible control for a particular process. If the controller does not include an autotune algorithm, or if the autotune algorithm does not provide adequate control for the particular application, then the unit must be tuned using trial and error. There are other tuning procedures

Corrosivity in refinery sour water systems

The subject of alkaline sour water (ammonium bisulphide) corrosion in petroleum refineries has been addressed in the literature over the past 25 years. However, despite the prevalence of sour water corrosion problems in refining operations, very little actual ammonium bisulphide corrosion data are published in the open literature. Surprisingly, most of these studies do not take into account the

HPNA : Heavy Poly Nuclear Aromatics

PNA (polynuclear aromatic) adalah polycyclic, hydrocarbon yang terkondensasi, dimana mengandung 2-6 cincin aromat. HPNA adalah PNA dengan 7+ cincin aromat.
Ciri-ciri HPNA :
• Mempunyai 7+ cincin aromat
• Mempunyai melting point tinggi.
• Senyawa polynuclear aromatic yang sulit larut atau dipecahkan pada temperatur rendah.

PNA = PCA (polycyclic aromatics) = PAH (polyaromatics hydrocarbon)

Crude Oil Compositions

The composition of crude oil varies according to where it was obtained. This largely has to do with the type of ground in which the oil was formed, and what contaminants were present and in what relative concentrations. In addition to color variations, there are also various contaminant levels and various flowing properties. Variations aside, crude oil, on average, has the composition shown in